All Issue

2026 Vol.27, Issue 5 Preview Page
A Numerical Evaluation of Liquefaction Mitigation Effects of Sheet Piles for Retrofitting Existing Structures

기존 구조물 보강용 시트파일의 액상화 저감 효과에 대한 수치해석적 평가

Joohyun Lee1
,
Junhyuk Park2
,
Donghun Lee3
,
Sangkyoo Cho4
,
Jinman Kim5*
이 주현1
,
박 준혁2
,
이 동훈3
,
조 상규4
,
김 진만5*
1Ph.D Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pusan National University
2M.S Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pusan National University
3Ph.D Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pusan National University
4M.S Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Pusan National University
5Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pusan National University
*Corresponding Author
1 May 2026. pp. 15-25
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Recent increases in earthquake occurrences in Korea have raised concerns regarding structural damage caused by ground liquefaction, including excessive settlement and loss of bearing capacity. However, most existing liquefaction mitigation studies focus on newly constructed structures, and research on countermeasures applicable to existing structures remains limited. This study evaluates the liquefaction mitigation performance of sheet pile walls, which can be readily applied to existing structures, through numerical analyses calibrated against shaking table tests. The UBC3D-PLM constitutive model was adopted to realistically simulate liquefaction-induced soil behavior, and the material properties of Jumunjin standard sand used in the model tests were directly applied to the numerical model. Parametric analyses were conducted by varying the embedment ratio of the sheet pile, the separation distance between the structure and the sheet pile, and the sheet pile stiffness. Structural settlement, sheet pile deformation, and excess pore water pressure responses were analyzed. The results indicate that liquefaction mitigation performance improves with increasing embedment ratio, with the greatest reduction in structural settlement observed at embedment ratios of 0.7–0.75. When the embedment ratio exceeded 0.65, the maximum excess pore water pressure remained lower than the effective overburden stress, whereas higher ratios resulted in increased pore pressure. Larger separation distances led to greater settlement, while increased sheet pile thickness effectively reduced settlement without significantly affecting pore water pressure. Based on these findings, optimal sheet pile conditions for liquefaction mitigation were identified.

Keywords
Liquefaction
Earthquake
Sheet pile
Embedment ratio
PLAXIS 2D

최근 국내에서 지진 발생이 증가함에 따라 액상화로 인한 구조물 침하 및 피해에 대한 우려가 커지고 있다. 그러나 기존 액상화 방지 공법에 관한 연구는 대부분 신규 구조물을 대상으로 수행되어, 기존 구조물에 적용 가능한 대책에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 기존 구조물에도 적용이 용이한 시트파일 공법의 액상화 방지 효과를 평가하기 위해 진동대 모형시험을 기반으로 수치해석을 수행하였다. 액상화 시 지반 거동을 현실적으로 모사하기 위해 UBC3D-PLM 지반 모델을 적용하였으며, 모형 실험에서 사용된 주문진 표준사의 물성치를 수치해석에 동일하게 적용하였다. 시트파일의 근입비, 구조물과 시트파일 간의 이격거리, 그리고 시트파일 강성을 변수로 설정하여 구조물 침하, 시트파일 변형 및 간극수압 변화를 분석하였다. 해석 결과, 시트파일의 근입비가 증가할수록 액상화 방지 효과가 향상되었으며, 근입비 0.7~0.75에서 구조물 침하 저감 효과가 가장 크게 나타났다. 또한 이격거리가 증가할수록 구조물 침하는 증가하였고, 시트파일 두께가 증가할수록 침하는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이를 통해 기존 구조물의 액상화 피해 저감을 위한 시트파일 공법의 최적 적용 조건을 도출하였다.

키워드
액상화
지진
시트파일
근입비
PLAXIS 2D
References
1

Beaty, M. H. and Byrne, P. M. (1998), An effective stress model for predicting liquefaction behaviour of sand, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 75, pp. 766~777.

2

Beaty, M. H. and Byrne, P. M. (2011), UBCSAND Constitutive Model Version 904aR, Itasca UDM Web Site.

3

Brennan, A. J. and Madabhushi, S. P. G. (2022), Drainage conditions and their influence on liquefaction response, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.

4

Bray, J. D. and Dashti, S. (2010), Liquefaction-Induced Movements of Buildings with Shallow Foundations, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Missouri S&T, pp. 1~15.

5

Bray, J. D., Markham, C. S. and Cubrinovski, M. (2017), Liquefaction assessments at shallow foundation building sites in the Central Business District of Christchurch, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 92, pp. 153~164.

10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.049
6

Das, B. M. and Ramana, G. V. (2011), Principles of Soil Dynamics, Cengage Learning.

7

Elgamal, A., Yang, Z. and Parra, E. (2002), Computational Modeling of Cyclic Mobility and Post-Liquefaction Site Response, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 259~271.

10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00022-2
8

Iai, S. (1989), Similitude for shaking table tests on soil-structure-fluid model in 1g gravitational field, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 105~118.

10.3208/sandf1972.29.105
9

Ishihara, K. (1985), Stability of Natural Deposits during Earthquakes, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 321~376.

10

Jeon, N. S., Choe, M. J., Kwon, O. K. and Kim, D. S. (2006), A study on size effect of model test by 1g shaking table test and one-dimensional ground response analysis, Proceedings of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers Conference, pp. 4116~4119.

11

Kim, J. H., Lee, J. S., Park, D. H. and Kim, D. S. (2022), Evaluation of driving energy transferred to split spoon sampler for accuracy improvement of standard penetration test, Measurement, Vol. 188, 110384.

10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110384
12

Meyerhof, G. G. (1957), Discussion on Penetration Tests and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 83, No. SM3, pp. 1~19.

10.1061/JSFEAQ.0000034
13

PLAXIS (2012), PLAXIS Liquefaction Model UBC3D-PLM.

14

Sim, S. H., Yoon, J. C., Son, S. W. and Kim, J. M. (2020), Liquefaction Prevention and Damage Reduction Effect of Reinforcement by Sheet Pile Using 1-G Shaking Table Test, Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 211~217.

10.5000/EESK.2020.24.5.211
15

Song, Y. S., Kim, J. H., Park, J. H. and Lee, S. H. (2021), Subgrade assessment using automated dynamic cone penetrometer to manage geo-infrastructures, Smart Structures and Systems, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 861~870.

16

Tanaka, H., Murata, H., Kita, H. and Okamoto, M. (2000), “Study on sheet pile wall method as a remediation against liquefaction”, Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 0535.

17

Towhata, I., Rasouli, R. and Hayashida, T. (2015), Mitigation of seismic settlement of light surface structures by installation of sheet-pile walls around the foundation, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 72, pp. 108~118.

10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.02.010
18

Yoon, J. C., Son, S. W., Park, J. H., Moon, J. S. and Kim, J. M. (2023), A study on the prevention of liquefaction damage of the sheet pile method applicable to the foundation of existing structures using the 1-G shaking table experiment, Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society, pp. 5~14.

10.3390/buildings14092676
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Geo-Environmental Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지반환경공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반환경공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 27
  • No :5
  • Pages :15-25
  • Received Date : 2026-02-26
  • Revised Date : 2026-03-05
  • Accepted Date : 2026-04-28
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.14481/jkges.2026.27.5.15
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • orcid
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close